Sustainable Online Learning Framework for Higher Education in the Era of Digital Learning: Experts Consensus

Ahmad Fahiumi Amir, National Defence University of Malaysia
Ahmad Thamrini Fadzlin Syed Mohamed, National Defence University of Malaysia

https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2026.23.2.20

Abstract

This study aims to develop and validate a framework for sustainable online learning using the Fuzzy Delphi Method. The framework, built through a systematic literature review using PRISMA protocol andthematic analysis, includes four key areas: technology acceptance, teaching-learning needs, institutionalsupports, and ethical aspects. Fourteen academic experts in online learning from higher education institutions were consulted, and their consensus on the framework was analysed. The study found that 33 out of 35 items in the framework achieved high expert agreement, validating its effectiveness. This validation provides important insights for enhancing the sustainability of online learning in higher education by emphasising critical domains and highlighting best practices in today’s digital learning environments.The paper also suggests practical implications for educators and policymakers in real-world educational practices and offers guidance on how to implement and maintain effective technology-enhanced learning in higher education.

Keywords: Fuzzy Delphi Method, higher education institutions, online learning, sustainability, framework