Addressing Lower Threshold Concept Issue Among Distance Learners: An Empirical Evidence of Scholarly Teaching and Learning (SoTL) in Franchise Business Management

Muhamad Ali Imran Kamarudin*, Northern University of Malaysia
Mohamad Zakuan Tuan Ibharim, Northern University of Malaysia
Boo Hooi Laing, Northern University of Malaysia
Nur Nadia Adjrina Kamarruddin, Northern University of Malaysia
Tunku Nur Atikhah Tunku Abaidah, Northern University of Malaysia

https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2026.23.2.7

Abstract

Over time, distance learning has changed dramatically and has become one of the most common substitutes for on-campus or full-time coursework in academic programs at higher education institutions across the globe. However, a recurring issue among distance learners pertains to their limited ability to understand threshold concepts (i.e., focal elements to the mastery of a subject matter), including in the area of franchise business. This study aims to explore the feasibility of scholarly teaching and learning (SoTL) research through the implementation of an innovative approach known as the Infographic Module-Based Padlet (IMP). The study adopts an action research approach, and data were analysed using a triangulation methodology comprising: (a) document analysis, (b) one-on-one interviews, and (c) instructors’ and researchers’ reflections to ensure data trustworthiness. The findings reveal that the distance learning format, a lack of foundational knowledge in franchise business theory, and early technological resistance are key factors contributing to low threshold concept issues. The study also finds that integrating the IMP cyclical approach was effective in addressing these challenges among distance learners. From a policy perspective, the study may shed light on the need for structured teaching and learning activities, particularly for distance learners. Practically, the interactive IMP approach demonstrates significant potential as a breakthrough strategy for enhancing learning effectiveness and improving students’ grasp of threshold concepts.

Keywords: distance learners, threshold concept, scholarly teaching and learning (SoTL), innovative approach, Infographic Module-Based Padlet (IMP)

*Corresponding Author: aliimran@uum.edu.my